Al-Naiema, I. M. and Stone, E. A.: Evaluation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers from aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2053–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2053-2017, 2017.
Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenicvolatile organic compounds: A review, Atmos. Environ., 37,197–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00391-1, 2003.
Chan, M. N., Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Schilling, K., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Edney, E. O., Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Edgerton, E. S., Tanner, R. L., Shaw, S. L., Zheng, M., Knipping, E. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Influence of aerosol acidity on the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol from β-caryophyllene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1735–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1735-2011, 2011.
Chow, K. S., Huang, X. H. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Quantification of nitroaromaticcompounds in atmospheric fine particulate matter in Hong Kong over 3 years:Field measurement evidence for secondary formation derived from biomassburning emissions, Environ. Chem., 13, 665–673, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15174,2016.
Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V.,Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.:Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols Through Photooxidation of Isoprene,Science, 303, 1173–1176, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092805, 2004.
Claeys, M., Szmigielski, R., Kourtchev, I., Van Der Veken, P., Vermeylen,R., Maenhaut, W., Jaoui, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg,J. H., and Edney, E. O.: Hydroxydicarboxylic acids: Markers for secondaryorganic aerosol from the photooxidation of α-pinene, Environ. Sci.Technol., 41, 1628–1634, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0620181, 2007.
Ding, X., Wang, X. M., Gao, B., Fu, X. X., He, Q. F., Zhao, X. Y., Yu, J. Z.,and Zheng, M.: Tracer-based estimation of secondary organic carbon in thePearl River Delta, south China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–14,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016596, 2012.
Ding, X., He, Q. F., Shen, R. Q., Yu, Q. Q., Zhang, Y. Q., Xin, J. Y., Wen,T. X., and Wang, X. M.: Spatial and seasonal variations of isoprene secondaryorganic aerosol in China: Significant impact of biomass burning duringwinter, Sci. Rep., 6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20411, 2016.
Edney, E. O., Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J.H., Wang, W., and Claeys, M.: Formation of 2-methyl tetrols and2-methylglyceric acid in secondary organic aerosol from laboratoryirradiated isoprene/NOX/SO 2/air mixtures and their detection in ambientPM2.5 samples collected in the eastern United States, Atmos. Environ.,39, 5281–5289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.031, 2005.
Finewax, Z., De Gouw, J. A., and Ziemann, P. J.: Identification andQuantification of 4-Nitrocatechol Formed from OH and NO3 Radical-InitiatedReactions of Catechol in Air in the Presence of NOx: Implications forSecondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci.Technol., 52, 1981–1989, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05864, 2018.
He, X., Huang, X. H. H., Chow, K. S., Wang, Q., Zhang, T., Wu, D., and Yu, J.Z.: Abundance and Sources of Phthalic Acids, Benzene-Tricarboxylic Acids,and Phenolic Acids in PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in Southern China,ACS Earth Sp. Chem., 2, 147–158, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00131,2018.
He, X., Wang, Q., Huang, X. H. H., Huang, D. D., Zhou, M., Qiao, L., Zhu,S., Ma, Y. ge, Wang, H. li, Li, L., Huang, C., Xu, W., Worsnop, D. R.,Goldstein, A. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Hourly measurements of organic molecularmarkers in urban Shanghai, China: Observation of enhanced formation ofsecondary organic aerosol during particulate matter episodic periods, Atmos.Environ., 240, 117807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117807, 2020.
Hu, D., Bian, Q., Li, T. W. Y., Lau, A. K. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Contributionsof isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene, and toluene to secondaryorganic aerosols in Hong Kong during the summer of 2006, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010437, 2008.
Huang, X. H. H., Bian, Q., Ng, W. M., Louie, P. K. K., and Yu, J. Z.:Characterization of PM2.5 major components and source investigation insuburban Hong Kong: A one year monitoring study, Aerosol Air Qual. Res.,14, 237–250, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0020, 2014.
Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Offenberg, J. H., and Edney,E. O.: β-caryophyllinic acid: An atmospheric tracer for β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–4,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028827, 2007.
Kleindienst, T. E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Jaoui, M., and Edney,E. O.: Ozone-isoprene reaction: Re-examination of the formation of secondaryorganic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027485,2007.
Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., and Docherty, K. S.: The formation of SOA and chemical tracer compounds from the photooxidation of naphthalene and its methyl analogs in the presence and absence of nitrogen oxides, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8711–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8711-2012, 2012.
Lee, B. P., Li, Y. J., Yu, J. Z., Louie, P. K. K., and Chan, C. K.:Characteristics of submicron particulate matter at the Urban roadside indowntown Hong Kong-Overview of 4 months of continuous high-Resolutionaerosol mass spectrometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 120,7040–7058, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023311, 2015.
Li, X. B., Yuan, B., Parrish, D. D., Chen, D., Song, Y., Yang, S., Liu, Z.,and Shao, M.: Long-term trend of ozone in southern China reveals futuremitigation strategy for air pollution, Atmos. Environ., 269, 118869,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118869, 2022.
Li, Y. J., Lee, B. P., Su, L., Fung, J. C. H., and Chan, C. K.: Seasonal characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM) based on high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometric (HR-ToF-AMS) measurements at the HKUST Supersite in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 37–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-37-2015, 2015.
Liu, P., Ye, C., Xue, C., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., and Sun, X.: Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4153–4165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4153-2020, 2020.
Lu, C., Wang, X., Li, R., Gu, R., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Gao, R., Chen, B., Xue,L., and Wang, W.: Emissions of fine particulate nitrated phenols fromresidential coal combustion in China, Atmos. Environ., 203, 10–17,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.047, 2019.
Nozière, B., Kalberer, M., Claeys, M., Allan, J., D'Anna, B., Decesari,S., Finessi, E., Glasius, M., Grgić, I., Hamilton, J. F., Hoffmann, T.,Iinuma, Y., Jaoui, M., Kahnt, A., Kampf, C. J., Kourtchev, I., Maenhaut, W.,Marsden, N., Saarikoski, S., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Surratt, J. D., Szidat, S.,Szmigielski, R., and Wisthaler, A.: The Molecular Identification of OrganicCompounds in the Atmosphere: State of the Art and Challenges, Chem. Rev.,115, 3919–3983, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003485, 2015.
Offenberg, J. H., Lewis, C. W., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Kleindienst, T.E., and Edney, E. O.: Contributions of toluene and α-pinene to SOAformed in an irradiated toluene/α-pinene/NOx/air mixture: comparisonof results using 14C content and SOA organic tracer methods, Environ. Sci.Technol., 41, 3972–3976, https://doi.org/10.1021/es070089+, 2007.
Prinn, R., Cunnold, D., Rasmussen, R., Simmonds, P., Alyea, F., Crawford, A., Fraser, P., and Rosen, R.: Atmospheric trends in methylchloroform and the global average for the hydroxyl radical, Science, 238, 945–950, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4829.945, 1987.
Qin, Y. M., Li, Y. J., Wang, H., Lee, B. P. Y. L., Huang, D. D., and Chan, C. K.: Particulate matter (PM) episodes at a suburban site in Hong Kong: evolution of PM characteristics and role of photochemistry in secondary aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14131–14145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14131-2016, 2016.
Riva, M., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., and Surratt, J. D.:Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol constituents fromisoprene ozonolysis in the presence of acidic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 130,5–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.027, 2016.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Schauer, J. J., Nolte, C. G., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O.,Fraser, M. P., Rogge, W. F., and Cass, G. R.: Levoglucosan, a tracer forcellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ.,33, 1–10, 1999.
Sun, C., Lee, B. P., Huang, D., Jie Li, Y., Schurman, M. I., Louie, P. K. K., Luk, C., and Chan, C. K.: Continuous measurements at the urban roadside in an Asian megacity by Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM): particulate matter characteristics during fall and winter seasons in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1713–1728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1713-2016, 2016.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M. N., Loza, C. L.,Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J.H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formationfrom isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Szmigielski, R., Surratt, J. D., Gómez-González, Y., van der Veken,P., Kourtchev, I., Vermeylen, R., Blockhuys, F., Jaoui, M., Kleindienst, T.E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Edney, E. O., Seinfeld, J. H.,Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid: Anatmospheric tracer for terpene secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res.Lett., 34, 2–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031338, 2007.
Wang, L., Atkinson, R., and Arey, J.: Dicarbonyl products of the OHradical-initiated reactions of naphthalene and the C1- andC2-alkylnaphthalenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2803–2810,https://doi.org/10.1021/es0628102, 2007.
Wang, Q., He, X., Zhou, M., Huang, D. D., Qiao, L., Zhu, S., Ma, Y. G.,Wang, H. L., Li, L., Huang, C., Huang, X. H. H., Xu, W., Worsnop, D.,Goldstein, A. H., Guo, H., Yu, J. Z., Huang, C., and Yu, J. Z.: HourlyMeasurements of Organic Molecular Markers in Urban Shanghai, China: PrimaryOrganic Aerosol Source Identification and Observation of Cooking AerosolAging, ACS Earth Sp. Chem., 4, 1670–1685,https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00205, 2020.
Wang, X., Chen, W., Chen, D., Wu, Z., and Fan, Q.: Long-term trends of fineparticulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River DeltaEconomic Zone (PRDEZ), China, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 10, 53–62,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0728-z, 2016.
Wang, Y., Gao, W., Wang, S., Song, T., Gong, Z., Ji, D., Wang, L., Liu, Z.,Tang, G., Huo, Y., Tian, S., Li, J., Li, M., Yang, Y., Chu, B.,Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V. M., He, H., Hao, J., Kulmala, M., Wang, Y.,and Zhang, Y.: Contrasting trends of PM2.5and surface-ozone concentrationsin China from 2013 to 2017, Natl. Sci. Rev., 7, 1331–1339,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa032, 2020.
WHO: WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 andPM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, WorldHealth Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329 (last access: 9August2022), 1–360, 2021.
Yu, J. Z.: Chemical Characterization of Water Soluble Organic Compounds inParticulate Matters in Hong Kong, Environ. Prot. Dep.,https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.562.1645&rep=rep1&type=pdf (last access: 23April2022),2002.
Yu, J. Z., Wang, Q. Q., and Wang, S.: PM2.5 major components and select tracers during eleven pollution episodes (30 Aug.–31 Dec. 2020) at the HKUST Air Quality Research Supersite, Hong Kong, DataSpace@HKUST [data set], https://doi.org/10.14711/dataset/1KGKWN, 2022.
Yuan, Q., Lai, S., Song, J., Ding, X., Zheng, L., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Zheng,J., Yue, D., Zhong, L., Niu, X., and Zhang, Y.: Seasonal cycles of secondaryorganic aerosol tracers in rural Guangzhou, Southern China: The importanceof atmospheric oxidants, Environ. Pollut., 240, 884–893,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.009, 2018.
Yuan, W., Huang, R.-J., Yang, L., Wang, T., Duan, J., Guo, J., Ni, H., Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Dusek, U., O'Dowd, C., and Hoffmann, T.: Measurement report: PM2.5-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China – seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3685–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3685-2021, 2021.
Yun, H., Wang, W., Wang, T., Xia, M., Yu, C., Wang, Z., Poon, S. C. N., Yue, D., and Zhou, Y.: Nitrate formation from heterogeneous uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide during a severe winter haze in southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17515–17527, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17515-2018, 2018.
Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., and Gold, D.: Are there sensitive subgroups forthe effects of airborne particles?, Environ. Health Persp., 108,841–845, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108841, 2000.
Zhang, J., He, X., Gao, Y., Zhu, S., Jing, S., Wang, H., Yu, J. Z., and Ying,Q.: Estimation of Aromatic Secondary Organic Aerosol Using a MolecularTracer–A Chemical Transport Model Assessment, Environ. Sci. Technol.,55, 12882–12892, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03670, 2021.